Keyboard Hardware Thoughts

Background

As a heavy computer user and an especially heavy keyboard user, I have tried to get a good one since a long time ago. This document tries to tell the story of the different types of keyboards I have used and am using.

It serves as a personal note to consult in case of defects. Additionally, it may be interesting to consult by other people with similar problems/use cases/etc.

The Beginnings

My first keyboard ever was “cordless”. It required two AA-type batteries to run and connected wirelessly to an USB receiver. Obviously, the batteries needed frequent replacement. When I got a scrap PS2 keyboard from a relative, I immediately switched to it. Both of them were cheap rubber-dome keyboards that “did the job” without being particularly comfortable.

Microsoft Sidewinder X4 (2009–2020)

Heavily used: 2009–2017, half a year in 2019 and in the beginning of 2020. Moderately used: 2017 till first half of 2019. Total Lifetime: ~11 a.

Story

That time, I liked playing Descent 3 (an old game from 1996!) a lot. It could be due to the fact that it was the first 3D computer game I ever played but there might have been other reasons, too. Already then, I preferred the keyboard over the mouse and thus wanted to navigate the six degrees of freedom (6DoF) by keyboard alone. It was a recipe for being slower than most of the other players’ setups: Keyboard + joystick was commonly considered the best, but keyboard + mouse was not rare, either… Especially for keyboard-only setups, it turned out N-key-rollover was beneficial. The ability to press at least 7 keys at once was required to control forward, speed, upwards, leftwards, turn, 2xfire simultaneously. Hence I asked a classmate (who knew about gaming hardware) for what keyboard he would recommend. He recommended the Microsoft Sidewinder X4.

Although I considered it almost too expensive back then (60 €), I liked the improvement in mechanics (better rubber-dome keys here) and of course: N-key-rollover was there – validated by pressed_keys(32) to be working.

The macro keys could not be used on Linux-only setups, which did not matter, as most of the time only the letter and number keys were used anyways. The half-height buttons for the row of [ESC] and [F1]..[F12] keys were not an issue at the beginning either. As the use of the VIM editor increased, the small [ESC] key was not optimal, but being used to it, did not cause any larger problems.

Thus, I was quite satisfied with the Microsoft Sidewinder X4 until someone told me there was a thing called mechanical keyboards. I had already heard about that before by stumbling across the fan sites about the IBM Model M, but the price tags were all way above budget – prices were substantially higher than 100 € and that was not going to be an offer to accept solely from the hearing that mechanical keyboards would be superior.

Finally, there came an offer I could not resist: At an electronics store, I found a Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS for exactly 100 €. In the meantime, financial resources had grown and being able to test my first mechanical keyboard in store, I bought it after a day of consideration.

As a working student, I finally had the opportunity to replace my workplace’s generic keyboard with something more personal and brought the newly unused Microsoft Sidewinder X4 to work.

Failure

After a flawless performance during the first eight years of heavy use and the moderate use at work, the keyboard finally failed from the heavy use on a semester abroad. The plastic nose holding in place the often heavily-hit [ENTER] key broke and the key remained only softly attached to the keyboard. At any press, it could jump out of the keyboard and needed to be carefully re-attached. A hack using a paperclip and a remapping of a rarely used key to [ENTER] kept the keyboard alive during the first months of 2020 until I returned from my semester abroad. It is noteworthy that the rubber-dome technology cannot be blamed for the failure and material stain failures like the one seen here may appear with any kind of technology.

Review Opinion

Pros

Cons

Here are some links to other people’s reviews:

Despite being based on often-scolded rubber dome technology, this keyboard remains in very good memory.

Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS with Cherry MX Blue (2017)

Heavily Used: 2017 and 2018. Total Lifetime: Less than 1 year per unit.

Story

After a first-hand experience with Cherry MX red, brown and blue switches at the electronics store, I decided to go with the Cherrx MX Blue despite the fact that they are known to be “loud”.

The Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS was among the “cheapest” mechanical keyboards at the store. Yet, it is by no means a cheap design: The upper part of the chassis is metal, the lower part is robust plastic. From packaging to keypress it exhibits solid manufacturing quality and attention to many details as one expects from a “premium” product. The lower price compared to other mechanical keyboards seems to stem from a certain minimalism with respect to extra features: More expensive alternatives often offer macro keys, volume knobs, USB hubs, RGB lighting, or other even more obscure advantages. From my point of view, the minimalism was a clear plus!

Although the hype around Descent 3 had largely subsided, buying an expensive keyboard, I expected it to have N-key-rollover as a standard feature. Surprisingly; the Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS supports it, but does not enable it by default. The online manual at https://media.kingston.com/support/downloads/HyperX%20Alloy%20FPS%20keyboard%20user%20manual.pdf explains that you need to press [FN]-[ESC] once to enable it. As far as I remember, that setting persists power-off condition and is thus really a one-time thing.

Design-wise the Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS follows the modern trend to have the keys freely standing out of the board rather than being surrounded by chassis. I like this design for its minimalism and the possibility of easier cleaning. On the downside, this design is (in general) more vulnerable to sideways forces that may occur during transportation.

Failure

The mechanical switches clearly offer a superior “typing experience“ while writing. After a little less than one year, however, I experienced key chatter.

Key chatter is an issue that can occur from dust inside the mechanical keys and causes double key presses to be registered when only one key press was actually performed. Although some users question the existence of this phenomenon (cf. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/70916/fix-keyboard-chattering-bouncing-on-the-software-side), there are also a lot of other people having this kind of issue with mechanical keyboards. It is not a construction fault of a single keyboard, which I have confirmed first-hand by returning my first Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS for a new one while still under warranty. It lasted another 8 months or so and then showed the same behaviour. The problematic keys were not identical each time, although it were always the often-used keys (space, h, j, k, l).

There are some claims that key chatter can be fixed on the software side, but this is only true as long as the rate of key presses under normal use is not similar to the excess key presses generated by key chatter. As I am typing rather quickly, I found that the software-side corrections were dropping some actual inputs from my side while only reducing but not eliminating the key chatter. Finally, I decided to give up on Cherry MX switches.

Review Opinion

There are quite some extensive reviews with many gorgeous pictures out there. In case you are interested, I found the following ones to be interesting:

Here are some additional notes:

The Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS is a solid piece of hardware. It is a pleasure to write on it and the price is competitive. The keyboard does, however, suffer from the inherent faults of mechanical switches. In environments with less dust, it might serve much better than here.

UNICOMP Model M (Buckling Spring Keyboard Modern, 2019)

Used: Temporary in the early 2019. Total Lifetime: Unknown.

Story

Having felt the advanced speed and precision of mechanical keyboards, I did not want to revert to the Microsoft Sidewinder X4 for heavy use despite the fact that it was still working nicely after the Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS had failed twice already. Instead, I surveyed the market for alternatives to Cherry MX switches in the hope that other switches would be more reliable and without key chatter. Reminded that the IBM Model M seemed to be the all-time best mechanical keyboard, I got myself the modern remake – an UNICOMP Model M. For the price of 140 € there is no lighting or N-key-rollover included. Yet the reminiscence to the “all-time best” mechanical keyboard seemed worth the price.

Having received the keyboard, it offered an excellent typing experience in the beginning.

Failure

After a few days already, I noticed a key chatter in the 7 key. Most notably visible when entering paths like /fs/e01/normal which would appear as /fs/e01/7n (the third slash had a chatter on the 7 such that /7 was printed and the autocomplete for n would not resolve to normal anymore…).

I searched online and learned that key chatter can happen with buckling spring keyboards, too. There is a possibility of cleaning the affected key, but despite some attempt to carefully do this, I could not get the key chatter to subside. Hence, I returned the keyboard to the vendor and advanced the search towards something “non-mechanical”.

Review Opinion

I do not give a detailed review here, because I possessed this keyboard too short to report anything beyond the first impressions:

Here are some reviews in case you want to see pictures and have more detailed reports about the keyboard:

The Search for high-quality non-mechanical Keyboards

After an extensive online search for the alternatives to “regular” mechanical keyboards, I ended up with the following set of technologies:

Hall-Effect based Keyboards

Hall-Effect based keyboards are operated by means of a magnet in the key and a magnet sensor (so-called hall-effect sensor) in the keyboard. This design allows completely sealed-off constructions which is why this technology used to be prevalent in certain industrial-grade keyboards that could even be used under explosive atmospheres.

Although the designs that one has a chance to get by as a regular customer do not make use of this advanced robustness, they still share with their industrial counterparts that they are hard to get by.

I actually only found one hall-effect based keyboard – the Steelseries APEX PRO is available at around 230 €. Far down the page it is listed to have OmniPoint Adjustable Mechanical Switch (Analog Hall Effect Magnetic Sensor). According to http://xahlee.info/kbd/steelseries_apex_pro_keyboard.html, not all of the keyboard’s keys are using the hall-effect switch.

Here are some entry points for further research:

Opto-Mechanical Keyboards

Opto-mechanical keyboards register keypresses by making the key interrupt a light beam. From the non-mechanical yet high-quality designs, this seems to be the most common one.

Back when I had to get a new keyboard, there were only few models available. The only ones I had found in my initial search were the Gigabyte Aorus K9 Optical and Razer Huntsman. In the meantime, some more manufacturers have made opto-mechanical keyboards. This way, nowadays, there is a small variety to chose from.

Example models:

It seems that new models are constantly being developed. It is thus quite likely that the list above is already outdated.

Topre Keyboards

Topre switches technically function similar to rubber-dome ones, but are produced at much higher quality and for heavy use. Topre Realforce keyboards using these switches seem to be well-known in Asia but very uncommon here in Europe.

Their prices are quite high and the variants available in Europe are not gaming keyboards but highly expensive – a full-sized Topre Realforce keyboard seems to be in range 240–300 €.

Relevant links:

Razer Huntsman (2019–2023)

Heavily Used: early 2019 till late 2021. Moderately used: 2022 onwards. Total Lifetime: 4 years (only one unit tested, device failed out of 2-year warranty period)

Story

Having decided to try an opto-mechanical keyboard, the Razer Huntsman series was the only keyboard that I could actually obtain locally and hence it was chosen as a consequence of the preceding search.

Design-wise it is very similar to the Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS. The build quality is excellent. For a price of 131 €, it includes a lot of customization wrt. lighting and some of it can be accessed under Linux by means of a third-party project, too. See https://github.com/z3ntu/razer_test/issues/9.

It is was used very heavily. I wrote more than 1000 pages of text. Additionally, there was code, commandline use, keyboard shortcuts and occasional gaming. Usage has been reduced to about 30% per end of 2021, until I put the keyboard out of use in mid-2024 (see next section).

Failure

The failure of this keyboard is gradual. Below follows the timeline.

Date Summary
2023-02-25 [RIGHT] arrow key sometimes unresponsive
2024-06-28 [HOME] and [END] keys also sometimes unresponsive
2024-06-30 [HOME] key sometimes unresponsive (others OK after disabling backlight)
2024-07-24 After through cleaning, [HOME] key issues remain

Initially, the failure was not really noticed because the [RIGHT] arrow key is rarely used (I mostly use [L] instead…). However, once the issue turned up with the [HOME] and [END] keys, it was noticed more often since I use these keys more frequently.

Effectively the failure mode of this keyboard was a strange misbehaviour that I did not observe with any other keyboard so far: Occasionally, certain keys (see timeline) would not register. Unlike with rubber dome keyboards where this phenomenon could also be observed, here, it was often that the keys would be registered with a delay when being pressed for a long time and even more strangely, after pressing them a few times (say 10x in short succession), they could be recovered in the sense that afterwards they would often continue to work for a long time. It almost felt as if the system was too slow to process the keys somehow yet the issue seems to be entirely unrelated to the system load but only affect certain keys hence it seems more likely to be an issue with the keyboard itself.

Along the way, the following issues were suspected:

Review Opinion

Pros

Cons

Ambivalent

Other reviews for pictures and further reading

As a few of the other reviewers seem to note: The Razer Huntsman does not boast visibly, yet it has all the essentials combined into a high-quality build.

Still, the opto-mechanical technology does not prevent keys from becoming unresponsive after sustained use. The exact failure mechanics remain unclear…

Topre Realforce 105UB 45g Light Gold on Black (2022 onwards)

Moderately used since early 2022. Total Lifetime: TBD.

Story

Enjoying the clicky and loud Razer Huntsman at home, I also wanted a nice keyboard for work. As I work in an open plan office, I did not want to bring the Razer Huntsman to work for its excessive noise generation that could easily disturb the coworkers.

Instead, I searched for a less noisy alternative and took the opportunity to check out one of the famous Topre Realforce keyboards. Specifically, I ordered the following product (because it was available back then):

With a price composed of £175 + £15.63 Shipping + 19% Einfuhrumsatzsteuer + bank transaction fees (since I did not have a Credit Card yet) it is the most expensive keyboard I have bought so far.

From the outside, this keyboard is pure understatement – it looks like any (old since large) standard keyboard that might have cost just 10 €. Upon detailed inspection, the exterior build quality is excellent, though. It is one of the heaviest keyboards I have encountered so far.

Typing on this keyboard feels excellent making it easily worth the price. It provides an interesting haptical feedback that is light (in the sense that keys can be pressed with little force) and also precise (in that one knows when the key has been registered from the feeling).

Unlike some other Topre enthusiasts I would not go as far as to claim that the Topre switches are “the best” in all regards – I am still using the Razer Huntsman at home and actually like both keyboards without wanting to claim that any one of them is truly much better than the other. The haptic and acoustic feedback is quite different between these boards, though.

Before buying I was wondering whether the varying force across the keys on the Topre board would possibly startle or distract me given that I am using a lot of keys not only for writing, but also as control characters. It turns out I am not noticing the varying force at all making this a non-issue or in other words: It works as intended :)

The WE31B0 is my first keyboard with PBT keycaps. People claim a superior touch for such keycaps over the “standard” ABS and I can confirm that PBT does indeed feel a little better and offers better grip of the keycaps compared to the ABS keys of e. g. the Razer Huntsman.

Topre keyboards are listed as “PC and MAC” compatible where ”Mac’s may experience limited functionality”. Although Linux is not even listed here, I can confirm that the keyboard works 100% correctly on Linux.

I am confident that this keyboard will have a long lifetime.

Review Opinion

Pros

Cons

Ambivalent

Other reviews for pictures and further reading

For decoding model numbers and interesting trivia consult https://deskthority.net/wiki/Topre_Realforce.

Wooting Two HE (2024 onwards)

Moderately used since mid-2024. Total Lifetime: TBD.

Wooting Two HE

Story

After the failure of the Razer Huntsman (see above), a new keyboard was needed to replace it. Due to the good experience with Topre keyboards, I would have preferred to get another Topre Realforce WE31B0. This turned out to not be available as of July 2024, though. Furthermore, it seems that no full-size Topre keyboard with ISO layout was available at all (only ANSI and JIS layouts were found).

As an alternative, I considered the option for a hall-effect based keyboard again. In the meantime, the market had changed for the better and two models were available with all keys being hall-effect based for the respective boards: Wooting Two HE and Corsair K70 MAX RGB. After some thinking, I chose the Wooting for aesthetics and official Linux software support.

Both hall-effect based keyboards use linear switches. Initially, this seemed to be problematic because I much preferred tactile feedback. After consulting with a colleague he said that it was very well possible to nicely type on linear switches, too and that he even preferred linear switches for his self-built keyboard. Since additionally no tactile option was easily available with the layout of interest (ISO), the keyboard with linear characteristics was given a chance.

The configuration ordered was as follows:

QTY Price/€ Item
1 180 Wooting Two HE - full-size analog keyboard
1 30 Wooting Double Shot Backlit PBT Keycap Set
1 30 Wooting wrist rest

For a total of 240€ this keyboard is very expensive, but considering that it was ordered including the optional wrist rest and high quality key caps (PBT) it is possible to get it for 210€, too, which seems pretty acceptable a price when taking into account inflation and the usage of previously unavailable switches.

I liked the presence of multiple options for the key caps and went with the white ones as to break the uniformity of all-black keyboards that I had previously used. The white key caps make for a nice contrast with the black chassis although the keys’ labels are hard to read when setting the backlight to a low intensity.

Some people have argued that for the price, the keyboard should come pre-assembled with the preferred key caps. In my opinion it is OK to assemble it on first use because given the keyboard’s price class the target audience are mostly people who have found the cheaper options insufficient to their use cases and hence:

Design-wise, the keyboard closely aligns with the mechanical-style gaming-oriented keyboards that I have used before: Like the Kingston Hyper X Alloy FPS and Razer Huntsman, the Wooting Two HE’s design is pretty minimalistic: Free-standing keys on a black backplate and RGB lighting options.

The minimalism of the Wooting Two HE goes too far in one regard: Unlike the Razer Huntsman which merely moves them to a different position, Wooting sacrifices the Num Lock, Caps Lock and Scroll Lock LEDs completely, allowing the backlight color of the respective key to change as the sole indication of the enablement of the lock state. The usage of the backlight LEDs for this purpose is no adequate substitute because when disabling the backlight or turning it very low, I would still like to be informed about the lock states. Also, in the past, the status LEDs were often helpful in displaying an X11-independent “alive” signal from the PC (cf. ma_capsblinker(11)). A different solution seems to be needed when trying to achieve a similar effect with the Wooting.

The build quality is good and in-line with the other expensive keyboards that I have used so far. In some tests people complained about key wobble and rattle, which I did not notice on my board.

Nowadays its noteworthy that N-key-rollover works out of the box and does not need anything special to be enabled which is a nice improvement over the various gaming mode or whatever states that other keyboards require to be setup for this to work. Specifically, NKRO works with all keys enabled including the Windows/SUPER key (which is labelled with a Wooting icon on the Wooting Two HE).

There are some nice aspects where Wooting’s attention to detail can be observed: On the rear of the keyboard, the type plate not only contains the technical info (model, S/N, power consumption) but is also signed by important people from Wooting. The cable is braided detachable with the USB-C connector on the keyboard side and recessed such that when using the cable routing integrated with the keyboard, the connector is not subject to mechanical stain. Getting the cable into the routing takes some force – more than I could apply with my bare fingers, but it seems it wasn’t damaged by me using a screwdriver for getting it in…

The keyboard layout is standard except for an [FN] key between the right [CTRL] and [MENU] keys.

Since Linux is officially supported by Wooting, I setup the keyboard using their software Wootility. It is a nice deviation from typical gaming keyboard software: Linux is supported natively (AppImage), No account needs to be created. The firmware update is immediately offered and integrated within the tool. Changes can be made and persisted to the keyboard. After configuring the keyboard, the software can be closed and is not taking up compute resources. The only thing that I did not find out immediately how to do, was to configure all keys to equal color. I ended up clicking on each of them once – which is OK but there ought to be an easier way?

Typing on the keyboard works much better than I had expected from linear keys. I moved the virtual actuation point from 1.5mm (IIRC that was the default) to 2mm (aligned with Cherry MX red) to reduce the number of erroneous key presses. After two days of use, the error rate is still slightly higher than on previously used clicky/tactile keyboards but AFAICT this is mostly due to the necessity to get used to this particular board. I don’t mind bottoming-out the keys. The noise from typing is less compared to clicky keyboards and Topre making this keyboard usable in open plan offices.

The Wooting wrist rest (optional component) fits well with the design language of the keyboard and is a non-massive but still solid slab of silicone. Compared to my previously used wrist rest (LogiLink Tastatur Gel Handballenauflage ID0044), it is rather flat and due to the exposure of the silicone surface it feels a bit sterile/clinical and will take some getting used to. On the other hand, it seems like it could be very durable. I like it enough to consider buying it again even for a different keyboard e.g. if I ever want a wrist rest for the Topre keyboard, I would consider this one a viable option.

Review Opinion

Pros

Cons

Ambivalent

Other reviews for pictures and further reading

To summarize: The Wooting Two HE is a good replacement for the defective Razer Huntsman despite the different switch technology and linear characteristics in place of clicky. Time will tell how reliable it works in the long run.

Other Resources

Ma_Sys.ma Website 5 (1.0.2) – no Flash, no JavaScript, no Webfont, no Copy Protection, no Mobile First. No bullshit. No GUI needed. Works with any browser.

Created: 2020/10/27 21:02:55 | Revised: 2025/01/19 15:20:48 | Tags: keyboard, hardware, review, blog | Version: 1.1.0 | SRC (Pandoc MD) | GPL

(c) 2020, 2021, 2024 Ma_Sys.ma info@masysma.net

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.